Which of the following are considered VOR errors?

• A. Reverse Sensing
• B. Cone of confusion
• C. Line of sight
• D. All Of The Above

Answer: (D)

VOR navigation depends on consistent, interpretable signals, but certain conditions can distort what you see on the instrument and lead you to misread your position. Reverse sensing happens when you misinterpret the needle and fly toward the wrong side of the VOR, especially if you don’t confirm the TO/FROM indication and your actual bearing. The cone of confusion is the area directly above the station where the VOR signal becomes unreliable; in this zone the needle can wander or fail to indicate a clear radial, making readings unusable. Line of sight is the fundamental requirement for receiving a VOR signal; when you’re out of range, blocked by terrain, or otherwise unable to maintain a clear path to the station, reception degrades or is lost, producing erroneous or missing indications. Because all of these scenarios can produce unreliable or misleading VOR readings, they’re all considered VOR errors.