Which option lists the three types of course reversals exactly as used in instrument procedures?

• A. 180/45 degree procedure turn; Teardrop procedure; Hold in lieu of procedure turn
• B. 180/45 degree procedure turn; Hold in lieu of procedure turn
• C. 180/45 degree procedure turn; Hold in lieu of procedure turn; Teardrop procedure
• D. Teardrop procedure; 180/45 degree procedure turn; Direct entry

Answer: (C)

Course reversals are the methods used to turn around and align with the inbound final approach. The three standard forms you’ll see on instrument approach charts are the teardrop procedure reversal, the 180/45-degree procedure turn, and a hold in lieu of a procedure turn. The teardrop reversal lets you reverse course with a teardrop-shaped path while staying in protected airspace. The 180/45-degree procedure turn is the traditional reversal: you fly outbound on the published course, then turn to re-intercept the inbound course, using a standard turning geometry shown on the chart. The hold in lieu of a procedure turn uses a published holding pattern at the fix to accomplish the reversal, often when terrain or airspace restrictions make a standard procedure turn impractical. Since these are the three formats recognized for reversing course on instrument procedures, the complete list that includes all three is the correct one.